What are the other Names for this Condition? (Also known as/Synonyms)

• Advanced Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration
• Atrophic Age-Related Macular Degeneration
• GA (Geographic Atrophy)

What is Geographic Atrophy? (Definition/Background Information)

• Geographic Atrophy (GA) is a type of age-related macular degeneration (AMD or ARMD) that causes vision loss. The cause of development of this chronic condition is not well understood
• It occurs when the cells in the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision, begin to breakdown and die
• The condition mostly develops in older adults, more commonly in women. the contributory factors for Geographic Atrophy also include smoking, obesity, and hypertension
• Geographic Atrophy is presently incurable, but prompt and appropriate treatment measures may help slow the progression of the condition and preserve the remaining vision

Who gets Geographic Atrophy? (Age and Sex Distribution)

• Geographic Atrophy is most commonly seen in adults over the age of 60, particularly those with a family history of the condition
• Women are also more likely to develop the condition than men
• The condition is observed worldwide, and all racial and ethnic groups are at risk

What are the Risk Factors for Geographic Atrophy? (Predisposing Factors)

The risk factors for Geographic Atrophy include:

• Age
• Family history of macular degeneration
• Smoking
• High blood pressure
• Obesity

It is important to note that having a risk factor does not mean that one will get the condition. A risk factor increases one’s chances of getting a condition compared to an individual without the risk factors. Some risk factors are more important than others. 

Also, not having a risk factor does not mean that an individual will not get the condition. It is always important to discuss the effect of risk factors with your healthcare provider.

What are the Causes of Geographic Atrophy? (Etiology)

The exact cause of Geographic Atrophy is not fully understood. It is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

• Geographic Atrophy is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors
• Research has shown that certain genes can increase the risk of developing the condition, while lifestyle factors, such as smoking and obesity, can also play a role

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Geographic Atrophy?

The signs and symptoms of Geographic Atrophy include:

• Blurred vision
• Difficulty reading or seeing fine details
• Distorted vision, such as straight lines appearing wavy
• Blind spots in the central vision
• Loss of central vision

The condition may involve one eye or both eyes. Generally, if one eye is initially affected, chances are high that the other eye will be affected.

How is Geographic Atrophy Diagnosed?

Geographic Atrophy is typically diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam. This may include:

• Visual acuity tests
• Dilated eye exams
• Imaging tests such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) or fundus photography

Many clinical conditions may have similar signs and symptoms. Your healthcare provider may perform additional tests to rule out other clinical conditions to arrive at a definitive diagnosis.

What are the possible Complications of Geographic Atrophy?

Complications of Geographic Atrophy can include:

• Vision loss
• Difficulty with daily activities; decreased quality of life
• Increased risk of depression and anxiety

How is Geographic Atrophy Treated?

Currently, there is no cure for Geographic Atrophy. However, there are treatments that may help slow the progression of the condition and preserve the remaining vision.

These treatments include:

• Antioxidant vitamins and minerals, which have been shown to slow the progression of macular degeneration in some cases
• Anti-VEGF therapy, which can help slow the growth of abnormal blood vessels in the eye
• Low vision aids, which can help individuals with visual impairment make the most of their remaining vision

How can Geographic Atrophy be Prevented?

Preventing Geographic Atrophy may not be possible, but there are several steps one may take to reduce the risk for developing the condition. These measures include:

• Maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine
• Avoidance of smoking
• Controlling high blood pressure and cholesterol
• Protecting one’s eyes from ultraviolet (UV) radiation by wearing sunglasses and hats

What is the Prognosis of Geographic Atrophy? (Outcomes/Resolutions)

• The prognosis for Geographic Atrophy varies depending on the severity of the condition and the individual's response to treatment
• In some individuals, vision loss can be slow and gradual, while in others, it may progress more rapidly

Additional and Relevant Useful Information for Geographic Atrophy:

The following link is a useful resource for information on macular degeneration:

https://www.dovemed.com/diseases-conditions/macular-degeneration/